Hydrogen-rich saline promotes microglia M2 polarization and complement-mediated synapse loss to restore behavioral deficits following hypoxia-ischemic injury in neonatal mice via AMPK activation
Chu X et al. · J Neuroinflammation. 2019;16:104.
Study at a glance
Preclinical
Postnatal-day-7 mouse pups with Rice-Vannucci hypoxia-ischemia injury and cultured BV-2 cells
Hydrogen-rich saline 5 mL/kg intraperitoneally on days 1, 2 and 3 after hypoxia-ischemia, with additional AMPK-inhibitor experiments · >0.6 mM dissolved H₂; saline was prepared for 12 hours at 0.4 MPa and concentration was checked with a dissolved-H₂ meter.
Treatment on post-injury days 1–3, with acute tissue and later behavioral and synaptic assessments
The article reports less neuroinflammation, improved behavioral and synaptic measures and changes consistent with AMPK activation; an AMPK inhibitor reversed several reported effects.
Complex neonatal mouse and cell study with multiple mechanistic groups and outcomes. It does not establish treatment benefit after human neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury.
What kind of evidence is this?
Preclinical
Controlled neonatal-mouse hypoxia-ischemia experiment plus BV-2 microglial-cell experiments
Other neurological conditions
Other forms
Information not yet classified
Some editorial classification fields are still pending. The source-reported outcomes and result are shown below; Hydrogenology does not infer a positive or negative signal from prose automatically.
Methods
Postnatal-day-7 mouse pups with Rice-Vannucci hypoxia-ischemia injury and cultured BV-2 cells
Multiple cohorts: principal tissue assays n=4–6/group and behavioral cohorts n=10/group; the article does not present a single total animal count
Treatment on post-injury days 1–3, with acute tissue and later behavioral and synaptic assessments
Hydrogen-rich saline 5 mL/kg intraperitoneally on days 1, 2 and 3 after hypoxia-ischemia, with additional AMPK-inhibitor experiments
H₂ dissolved in saline or culture medium — H₂ only, not Brown’s gas and not inhalation.
>0.6 mM dissolved H₂; saline was prepared for 12 hours at 0.4 MPa and concentration was checked with a dissolved-H₂ meter.
Hypoxia-ischemia without H₂, sham controls and AMPK-inhibitor comparison groups
Outcomes and reported result
Inflammatory-cell accumulation, microglial polarization, AMPK and NF-κB, neurological behavior, synaptic proteins and complement components
The article reports less neuroinflammation, improved behavioral and synaptic measures and changes consistent with AMPK activation; an AMPK inhibitor reversed several reported effects.
The complete open-access article and supplementary cohort descriptions were checked for dose, concentration, allocation by assay, schedules, positive and null outcomes, funding and conflicts.
A reported association, difference or mechanism is not automatically a clinical benefit.
Limitations and applicability
Complex neonatal mouse and cell study with multiple mechanistic groups and outcomes. It does not establish treatment benefit after human neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury.
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in mice and cultured microglia.
No single-study GRADE certainty rating is assigned. Read how records and evidence assessments are prepared.
Sources and record status
PMID: 31103039 · DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1488-2
Open-access full text is available through PMC and the publisher.
Open-access publisher/PMC full text and PubMed record.
10 August 2026
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